Common modifications

Fluorescence dyes and  FRET or quenching pairs

Acetylation, N-terminal

FITC (fluorescein), N-terminal

Amide, C-terminal

FITC, C-terminal or Lys side chain

Biotin, N-terminal

Rhodamine, N-termina

Phosphorylation (Ser, Thr, Tyr)

Dansyl, N-terminal

D-amino acid

MCA,  N-terminal

Disulfide bond (1 pair)

MCA, N-terminal/Dnp, Lys side chain

Dnp, Lys side chain

Conjμgation for antibody production

Abz, N-terminal

BSA

Abz/PNBA

KLH

EDANS or DABCYL

OVA

Special amino acids

Others

Aib (amino isobutiric acid)

Acetylation , Lys side chain

Aminocaproic acid

6-aminohexanoy

AOAA ( amino-oxyacetic acid)

Biotin, C-terminal or Lys side chain

Bpa (p-benzoylphenylalanine)

BtLC (6-biotinamidohexanoyl)

Cha ( L-cyclohexylalanine)

CBZ  (Benzyloxycarbonylation)

CIT(citrulline)

CMK ( chloromethyl ketone), C-terminal

Cyclohexylalanine

DiMe, N-terminal

Cys(acm), Cys(tBu)

Dinitrobenzoylation, Lys side chain

Elaidic acid

Disulfide bond (2 pairs)

hydroxyproline

Disulfide bond (3 pairs)

Iso-aspartic

DTPA (diisopropylamine), N-terminal

Iva (Norvaline)

Farnesylation, N-terminal

N-Me-Val

Farnesylation, side chain or C-terminal

Nph (para-nitro-phenylalanine)

Fatty acid, N-terminal

Ornithine

Formylation

pGlu (pyroglutamate),  N-terminal

HYNIC (hydrazinonicotinamide), N-terminal

Pyro-amino acid

Myristylation, N-terminal

Sar  (sarcosine)

NHEt (ethylamide)

Seleno-methionine

NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide ), C-terminal

Stearate (Octadecanoic acid)

Methylation, mono, Lys side chain

Sulfated Tyr

Methylation, di, Lys side chain

Valol (amino alcohol of valine)

Methylation, tri, Lys side chain

Oleic acid

Cyclization

Palmitic acid, C-terminal or  Lys side chain

Disulfide bond

Palmitic acid, N-terminal

Amide bond

Palmitoylation

PNA, (p-Nitroanilide)

TNP (Trinitrophenyl)

g-glutamyl-PAL